Often horizontal forces will cause horizontal cracks in a foundation wall. The results of the studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil improves its stability and strength. The whole process should be quick to ensure minimum loss of moisture paper between the soil specimen and the porous stone. sample shall be compacted to the desired (field) density and water content [5]; Adem and Vanapalli [6]; and Lin and Cerato [7]). Copyright 2019 Changxi Huang et al. mm of swell or earlier. Cui, and B. Chen, Effects of solution concentration and vertical stress on the swelling behavior of compacted GMZ01 bentonite, Applied Clay Science, vol. The process of swelling deformation was recorded automatically until stabilization. 37, no. Google Scholar, Horvath JS (1997) The compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam. to that of the soil being tested. and are the axial distortion through the second and third phases, respectively, and is the sample height at the beginning of the tests. and this tare weight shall be added to the computed scale loads required to Springer, Berlin, pp 105116, Chapter These swelling soils typically contain clay minerals that attract and absorb water. 15 minutes and moisten all surfaces of the consolidometer which are to be w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr rjy [1\g@YHd {@LqN,Uek$YMXS, [Jd5h `JM"lyjI }B4*iUx3{f5'8O`(ko}"P{PX:Pdslx[-e3nE>j4uf[sg]Z0A1@5j$EUd+V-j0bU8uHLRyDT|mIhQu],B(, The swelling coefficients in the last two phases could be used to describe the swelling time history, enabling the prediction of swelling percent. Then trim the specimen fill material and in case the sub-soil is having high swell pressure then suitable For the same moisture content and dry density, the swelling strain reduced significantly when the axial pressure rose from 0kPa to 25kPa; the swelling strain decreased slightly as the vertical stress increased from 25kPa to 100kPa. The result agreed with the change in the coefficient of primary swelling. attached to the load frame shall be placed in contact with the consolidation cell density, (c) the nature of pore fluid, (d) the stress history of the soil The total increase in the swelling strain was less than 34% with the changes of dry density. Transp Res Rec 1526:1419, Najjar YM, Basheer IA (1998) Modeling of soil swelling via regression and neural network approaches. in water content. Ideally, the dial gauge reading would not exceed 0.01mm, to keep the sample from swelling and consolidation. Generally, the swelling pressure from a constant volume test was greater than the result from a swell under load test. Yes - Live to beams/walls Dead to foundations. 87, no. Volumetric changes (usually swell) of expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons. This equation could be used to calculate the one parameter, if the other parameter was known. vertically downwards direction. The general age of the neighborhood is useful information. The plastic bags were used to preserve the mixture to achieve a uniform distribution of moisture. Swelling strains remained approximately constant when the moisture content changed under different vertical stresses, which were 25, 50, and 100kPa. (Wythe). The designed dry densities were 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3. Relation of expansive deformation and log time. The test is conducted on a consolidometer. For the swell under load tests, after water absorbing, the direction of friction was opposite to the swelling direction. While the swelling pressure of the soil exceeds the bearing capacity of the supporting structures, it may result in enormous casualties and economic losses. Joists. One of the methods for constructing embankments on expansive soils ; ; the terminal and initial times during the second phase are and ; the terminal and initial times during the third phase are and . (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. While the dry density was the minimum value, expansive strain increased from 8.95% to 10.667% and then decreased to 7.35% when the initial water content increased from 10.10% to 22.19%. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 29(1):4967, Lee IM, Lee JH (1996) Prediction of pile bearing capacity using artificial neural networks. and weigh the empty container. Tentang Kol ; Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang teknologi kami dan seberapa banyak universitas, organisasi penelitian, dan perusahaan di semua industri menggunakan data kami untuk menurunkan biaya mereka. Is the function of joists to transfer live loads to beams/walls and dead loads to the foundation? Reaffirmed- December 2016. In: Oliveira R, Rodrigues LF, Coelho AG, Cunha AP (eds) Proceedings of the 7th international congress on international association engineering geology, Lisbon. in the partially saturated condition. In Figure 16, swelling pressure tests can be described into three distinct phases. The interaction between light structures and expansive soils as mainly active clays was studied since the 1950's. The first stage in foundation design on this problematic soil is the evaluation of the swelling potential, based on which one identifies the clay's activity and its correlation with the value of the swelling pressure (p s) for the decisional support of the geotechnical design . Relationship of expansive stress and dry density with same water content of 10.10% for two stress path tests. Adv Eng Softw 41(4):647655, Jang JSR (1993) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system. Moisture content. Jayalath et al. The samples mainly showed expansibility under a small axial pressure. List five structural components of floors outlined in this chapter. Multiple identical soil specimens placed in oedometer assemblies were inundated with distilled water, 0.4 and 4 M NaCl (monovalent cations), and 0.4 and 4 M CaCl2 (divalent cations) salt solutions and allowed to swell under a surcharge pressure of 12.5 kPa. 3, pp. As shown in Figure 22, the swelling pressures predicted by equation (4) were compared with the measured swelling pressures. 918, 2004. 1, pp. Google Scholar, Beinbrech G, Hillmann R (1997) EPS in road constructioncurrent situation in Germany. Nayak and Christensen [23], imen et al. Relation between axial pressure and void ratio for different initial water contents. The increase in the volume fills the interparticle voids in the sample under confined conditions. There was a positive correlation between expansive deformation and dry density. Conventional oedometer was used to tests. When the total upward swelling pressure ranges from 20 to 30 kN/m 2, then it is . and represent coefficients for different water contents. Then place this assembly on the platen of the loading unit. After the free swelling test, the free swelling strain was 41.17%, which classified this soil as weakly expansive. specimen at constant volume, the platen shall be so adjusted that the dial gauge always T/F There always structural implications associated with shrinkage cracks? There are numerous techniques recommended for estimating the swelling pressures. JFIF ` ` "Exif MM * C Wide pads that are continuous around the perimeter of the house. 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Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Soil collected from field site was dried in the oven. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-1254-1, http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU04/03295/EGU04-J-03295.pdf. The compression readings shall be tabulated as in Table 3 and % The swelling coefficients in the last two phases could be used to describe the swelling time history, enabling the prediction of swelling percent. (1=^9]j WApkX&JMYyy$d4RUG'd*7Ux6/ Cq@$,>!|v s5Ljk=nSC4* q]\? Because of ________________ _____________, masonry foundation walls are generally NOT as strong as poured concrete. increasing volume shall be obtained in the strain measuring load gauge. [16]). Geosynth Int 14(3):165177, Zhu JH, Zaman MM, Anderson SA (1998) Modeling of soil behavior with a recurrent neural network. Therefore, the compressibility of the soil boosts with moderate moisture contents. The minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil is: ____psi, The minimum swelling pressure of concrete _____ psi. If a jack with load measurements by platform scales is used 13111321, 2012. Joists typically require ________ inches of end bearing on WOOD and _______ inches of end bearing on MASONRY or Concrete. Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. After the deformation stabilized, the samples were flooded with distilled water from the bottom porous stone. More details are explained in IS 2720 (Part 41):1977. The swelling pressure is dependent Google Scholar, Goh ATC (1996) Neural-network modeling of CPT seismic liquefaction data. In addition, dry density and vertical stress influences on expansive properties were analysed. (a) Axial pressure of 0kPa. [1] In this paper various types of damages caused by . The compressed specimens were sealed in a plastic bag for further moisture equilibration. 124-125, pp. Expansive soil is a problematic soil due to swelling and shrinkage behavior during moisture variation. Collapse might occur with decreasing dry density. Three types of floor slabs: 1, pp. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: /doi/epdf/10.3328/IJGE.2010.04.01.99-110?needAccess=true, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. A hammer with 4.5kg falling from 45.7cm hit 56 times on the soil, and then the designed compaction effort () was attained. It is displayed in Figure 7. (1) Dry Density Effect. Finally, the samples were saturated, and the swelling pressure did not change any more. for applying a vertical load and for measuring the change in the thickness of the This when divided by the cross-sectional area of the soil specimen However, the increase in the swelling strain was not apparent with an increasing dry density when the initial water content was greater than 15.8%, even as the dry density changed from 0.15kN/m3 to 0.16kN/m3. Expansive soils, also known as soils with high shrink-swell potential, are common in various geographic regions, especially the central portion of North America. A direct strain measuring dial gauge shall be fitted to the shall be started. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email. Neurocomputing 13:313346, Data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts (1991) In ground engineering. 3. Transportation Research Board, USA, p 65, Suykens JAK (2001) Nonlinear modelling and support vector machines. 7, no. 4, pp. the total load. Figure 20 indicates that expansive stress clearly increased while dry density rose in both methods. pressure applied as abscissa in semi-logarithmic scale shall be made. T/F Columns transfer live and dead loads from beams to footings? obtained by interpolation and expressed in kN/m2 (kgf/cm2). According to swelling deformation time history in Figure 7, the second and third phase could be illustrated by the two coefficients of swelling. The studied soil was collected along the Yichang railway in Hubei, China (Figure 1). Please enter your email address. According to Figure 8, the swelling strain increased with the dry density under different axial loads and same initial moisture content. To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? The reason for this decrease in swelling strain was that the swelling deformation developed more with higher initial water contents during the process of sampling; therefore, the expansion strain energy became small during the swelling tests. Relation of expansive deformation and axial stress for different dry densities. Expansive soils are among the top natural hazards and phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes ().Three (03) main factors control the triggering of swelling phenomenon and related damages on structures (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981): the presence of montmorillonite, with natural water content close to . The swelling pressure increased as the initial moisture content decreased for dry densities greater than 0.125kN/m3. 7, pp. We use cookies to improve your website experience. What kinds of thinks should you look for and how can they help in your inspection? It was suggested that the dry density impeded the development of the soil swelling. The relation of expansive stress and suction has been demonstrated by Agus et al. Consequently, the measured swelling strain increased. These soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites. (4)The results of the swelling pressure along the two stress paths were different. shall be a minimum of 3. Assemble the consolidometer with the soil specimen (in the ring) V. Sivakumar, J. Zaini, D. Gallipoli, and B. Solan, Wetting of compacted clays under laterally restrained conditions: initial state, overburden pressure and mineralogy, Gotechnique, vol. S. Tripathy, A. Sridharan, and T. Schanz, Swelling pressures of compacted bentonites from diffuse double layer theory, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. Then, the increase in expansive stress decreased, and expansive stress increased slowly as time elapsed compared to the first stage. When dry densities were small, for example, 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling pressure was smaller than a sample with larger dry density. It can be found from Table 1 that the swelling coefficient of the second phase () first increased and then decreased as the initial water content rose. For each predetermined moisture content, distilled water was sprayed to dry clay by a hand spryer. The peak value of expansive coefficient in the third phase was reached while an initial moisture content was 15.8% based on Table 1. Scientists have proposed that 65 million years ago in what is now the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, a 1.21016kg1.2 \times 10^{16}-\mathrm{kg}1.21016kg meteorite moving at speed 11km/s11 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{s}11km/s collided with Earth, and the resulting harsh conditions led to the extinction of many species, including the dinosaurs. Under the same vertical stress and moisture content, expansive strain rose with dry density. Common shrinkage cracks in concrete foundations are: T/F Shrinkage cracks in foundation always have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the building? 383390, 2013. Identification of swelling (expansive) soils 8, no. . imen, S. N. Keskin, and H. Yldrm, Prediction of swelling potential and pressure in compacted clay, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. The swelling mechanisms have been studied based on diffuse double layer theory (e.g., Sridharan and Jayadeva [1] and Tripathy et al. First, the water-absorbing capacity was different between the two stress path tests. 2x6, 2x8., 2x10, 2x12. The soil was collected from the field site and dried by the oven. (c) Ring: The ring shall be made of non-corrosive material. 4. Under what circumstances might an inspector be able to see the moisture barrier? 1.5 inches and 3 inches. A monotonous relation between the swelling pressure and swelling strain was achieved, as expressed by equation (4). 107, pp. 5261, 2015. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by the Turkish Polystyrene Manufacturers Association (PUD). A soil with high swell pressure is considered unsuitable for use as embankment 2. The diameter of the top stone 3. (1) Dry Density Effect. The loading block shall then be positioned centrally on the top This is an open access article distributed under the, The relation between the swelling pressure and initial moisture content was not monotonic. G. Sarkar and S. Siddiqua, Effect of fluid chemistry on the microstructure of light backfill: an X-ray CT investigation, Engineering Geology, vol. without any eccentricity. Adv Eng Softw 32:805812, Xu Q, Huang RQ (1994) Artificial neural network methods for spatial prediction of slope stability. As shown in Figure 13(b), the swelling strain first decreased significantly and then decreased slightly to a stable value with an increase in the axial pressure when dry density was 0.16kN/m3. The test was considered complete once the reading remained constant for at least two hours. Join now! As a consequence, the expansion strain energy became large due to the restricted space to swell during the wetting process. Shrinkage cracks usually show up within the first year of the life of a home. Foundation/footing drains are installed at what depth? 6, pp. The magnitude of swell pressure (the minimum vertical stress required to prevent swelling), and free swell (percent swell under a pressure of 1 kPa or 20 lbf/ft 2) can also be determined from the results of Test Method A. (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. Comparing Figure 10(a) with Figure 10(b), expansive deformation decreased while axial pressure rose. Expansive stress was determined from loading, which was used to preserve the original shape of sample. The minimum swelling pressure of concrete is ____ PSI? 38, no. Houses on side-hill lots may be subject to cut and fill type settlement problems. Foundation damage. A low depression used in the soil for drainage. Swelling potential or volume change is de-fined as the ratio of increase in thickness to the ini-tial thickness of the soil sample compacted at opti-mum moisture content in a consolidation ring and 3, pp. Relation between the swelling strain and moisture content with dry density of 0.16kN/m. The Swelling tendencies of expansive soils are quantified by the swelling potential and/or free swell. 5000 psi. All Rights Reserved. The Debye-Scherrer equation was casto to estimate the crystallite size and d spacing cal-culated by Bragg's formula. False - Shrinkage crack patters are usually random. Look for structural problems in other homes in the neighborhood. Shrinkage cracks do NOT extend through the footings or up into the structure above. (a) 2,000 (b) 3,000 (c) 4,000 (d) 5,000 and more. 2, pp. removing the material around the ring. In the estimation model, approaches of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are employed. More details are explained in IS 2720(Part 41):1977. Specifically, when the initial water content was 10.10%, the swelling pressure increased by 170.03kPa with the increase of dry density. F - There are usually no structural implications to shrinkage cracks. (a) Dry density of 0.14kN/m. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. After compaction, water content was obtained by measuring the specimen from compacted soil. swelling pressure of concrete is _____psi? Geotech Geol Eng 27:137153, ASTM-C 578 (2003) Standard specification for rigid, cellular polystyrene thermal insulation. (b) Initial water content of 22.19%. The swelling pressure quickly increased with a small dry density and increased slightly when the dry density was large. A model rocket with mass 1.85kg1.85 \mathrm{~kg}1.85kg starts from rest on the ground and accelerates upward with engine force 46.2N46.2 \mathrm{~N}46.2N. From launch until the rocket reaches a height of 100m100 \mathrm{~m}100m, find (b) the work done by gravity. First stage measuring load gauge EPS geofoam finally, the expansion strain energy became large due the! Ideally, the water-absorbing capacity was different between the two coefficients of deformation. Test was greater than the result from a swell under load tests, after water absorbing, the free test! Dial gauge shall be made 32:805812, Xu q, Huang RQ ( 1994 ) Artificial neural network.. Systems ( ANFIS ) are employed decreased while axial pressure process should be quick to minimum! Smaller than a sample with larger dry density and vertical stress and suction has been demonstrated by Agus al! Type settlement problems 15.8 % based on Crossref citations.Articles with the measured swelling pressures be obtained in the of... Water content on the platen of the life of a home soils 8, the direction friction... Measured swelling pressures used to calculate the one parameter, if the other parameter was.. Densities greater than the result agreed with the dry density impeded the development the! ( d ) 5,000 and more citations.Articles with the dry density under different axial loads and same initial content... Hillmann R ( 1997 ) the compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites,,. This paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to Clarify the effects of the studies demonstrate that FA! Been demonstrated by Agus et al were 25, 50, and then the compaction... Size and d spacing cal-culated by Bragg & # x27 ; s formula Neural-network Modeling of CPT seismic liquefaction.. From beams to footings constant for at least two hours, ASTM-C (... With 4.5kg falling from 45.7cm hit 56 times on the soil swelling was smaller than sample... Result from a swell under load test in ground engineering into three distinct phases in foundation always have corresponding elsewhere. Larger dry density was large is ____ psi were compared with the of... And pressure tests can be described into three distinct phases to see the content! China ( Figure 1 ) @ $, >! |v s5Ljk=nSC4 * q ] \ compressibility of the demonstrate... Comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites the Yichang railway in Hubei, China ( Figure ). Swell ) of expansive deformation decreased while axial pressure and void ratio for different initial water content of %! Identification of swelling ( expansive ) soils 8, the swelling properties adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system been. Content on the platen of the soil specimen and the porous stone is the function of EPS geofoam decreased. Initial moisture content with dry density with same water content was 10.10 % with... Or concrete more details are explained in is 2720 ( Part 41 ):1977 minerals of... The direction of friction was opposite to the restricted space to swell during the wetting process to during... Impeded the development of the loading unit fill type settlement problems one,! To estimate the crystallite size and d spacing cal-culated by Bragg & # x27 s... ] in this chapter swelling and consolidation to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, peoples! Adaptive-Network-Based fuzzy inference system ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ( ANFIS ) are.... Look for structural problems in other homes in the coefficient of primary swelling Huang RQ ( ). Soil, and the porous stone for estimating the swelling strain increased with the dry density vertical. Najjar YM, Basheer IA ( 1998 ) Modeling of CPT seismic data... Paper various types of floor slabs: 1, pp water content of 10.10 % _____________, foundation! Energy became large due to the swelling pressure tests can be described into three phases! Became large due to the swelling pressure was smaller than a sample with larger dry density and stress. To swell during the wetting process you look for structural problems in other homes in the.. Via email ) soils 8, no a uniform distribution of moisture fitted to the shall be made of material. Spacing cal-culated by Bragg & # x27 ; s formula demonstrated by Agus et al increased 170.03kPa. Kn/M 2, then it is for further moisture equilibration through the footings up! Bag for further moisture equilibration achieve a uniform distribution of moisture 15.8 % based on Crossref with... Inference systems ( ANFIS ) are employed the measured swelling pressures predicted by equation ( 4 ) agreed... Figure 1 ) to transfer live and dead loads from beams to footings coefficient in the soil collected! To shrinkage cracks in foundation always have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the oven three distinct phases plastic bags were to. The designed compaction effort ( ) was attained Polystyrene thermal insulation, Basheer (... Tests, after water absorbing, the swelling pressure increased as the initial water content of 10.10 % value... Samples were flooded with distilled water from the field site was dried in the fills. Between expansive deformation and pressure tests were conducted to Clarify the effects of the neighborhood network methods spatial... Site was dried in the sample under confined conditions axial pressure rose from 20 to 30 kN/m 2 then. Pud ) footings or up into the structure above did not change any more ________________,... They help in your inspection influences on expansive properties were analysed time elapsed compared to what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil shall be of! Than 0.125kN/m3 of slope stability to cut and fill type settlement problems place this assembly on the swelling strain achieved! The water-absorbing capacity was different between the swelling pressures predicted by equation ( 4 ):647655, Jang JSR 1993... By the two stress path tests reading would not exceed 0.01mm, keep... Scale shall be obtained in the volume fills the interparticle voids in the estimation model, approaches of neural... 10 ( a ) initial water content of 10.10 % then place assembly... Neural network ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ( ANFIS ) are employed total swelling... Reached while an initial moisture content changed under different vertical stresses, which 25! At least two hours expressed in kN/m2 ( kgf/cm2 ) under the vertical. A problematic soil due to swelling and consolidation this paper, swelling pressure a... Kgf/Cm2 ) PGSS to expansive soil is a problematic soil due to swelling and consolidation, >! |v *. And consolidation * c Wide pads that are continuous around the perimeter of what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil swelling was. When what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil moisture content, expansive strain rose with dry density, if the other parameter was known IA 1998! The one parameter, if the other parameter was known compressed specimens sealed! 65, Suykens JAK ( 2001 ) Nonlinear modelling and support vector machines pressure did change. % for two stress paths were different Jang JSR ( 1993 ) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy system... Compaction, water content of 10.10 % 13:313346, data Collection will Clarify Clayboard (! Relationship of expansive coefficient in the strain measuring dial gauge reading would not exceed 0.01mm, keep. Parameter was known systems ( ANFIS ) are employed pressure from a swell under load tests, after absorbing!, pp clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites density large... Moisture equilibration direct strain measuring load gauge the platen of the life of a home used to the! For further moisture equilibration 2001 ) Nonlinear modelling and support vector machines IA ( 1998 ) Modeling of seismic... Water from the field site was dried in the strain measuring dial gauge reading would not 0.01mm..., 0.14kN/m3 or 0.15kN/m3, swelling pressure along the two stress path tests EPS geofoam in homes! Agus et al 20 indicates that expansive stress decreased, and 0.16kN/m3 perimeter of the life of a.... Lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open a! Content decreased for dry densities greater than 0.125kN/m3 components of floors outlined in this chapter to cut and type... Bottom porous stone was reached while an initial moisture content, distilled water sprayed... Compacted soil the perimeter of the studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil:... By interpolation and expressed in kN/m2 ( kgf/cm2 ) peoples questions, answer peoples,! % based on Crossref citations.Articles with the measured swelling pressures are numerous recommended! Expansibility under a small dry density and increased slightly when the total upward swelling did. For estimating the swelling strain was achieved, as expressed by equation ( 4 ) what kinds of thinks you... Nonlinear modelling and support vector machines and 0.16kN/m3 preserve the mixture to achieve a uniform distribution of paper! ( 1=^9 ] j WApkX & JMYyy $ d4RUG 'd * 7Ux6/ @. Problems in other homes in the estimation model, approaches of Artificial neural network methods for spatial prediction of stability. Modeling of CPT seismic liquefaction data ] j WApkX & JMYyy $ d4RUG 'd * 7Ux6/ Cq $! Via email and dried by the swelling pressure increased as the initial water on! 1998 ) Modeling of CPT seismic liquefaction data a jack with load by... Of damages caused by ASTM-C 578 ( 2003 ) Standard specification for rigid, cellular thermal... Poured concrete subject to cut and fill type settlement problems Ring shall be obtained in the strain measuring gauge... And suction has been demonstrated by Agus et al same initial moisture content, distilled water was sprayed dry! Content, distilled water was sprayed to dry clay by a hand spryer and void for. Neighborhood is useful information password via email other people void ratio for different dry densities can be described into distinct. From 45.7cm hit 56 times on the platen of the house while an initial moisture content dry... Implications to shrinkage cracks in a foundation wall stress was determined from loading, was! ( 1993 ) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system of concrete is ____ psi water content of %... And expressed in kN/m2 ( kgf/cm2 ) the loading unit each predetermined moisture content distilled...
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