The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. 3. and Geology at UC Davis and He wrote that the Bihar earthquake was providential retribution for India's failure to eradicate untouchability. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). Journal of Earth System Science. Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". Nepal is exposed to several recurring hazards. Site Response of the Ganges Basin inferred from re-evaluated Macroseismic Observations from the M8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934 Nepal M8.1 earthquakes. No contemporary surface rupture was reported for this great Himalayan earthquake although one has recently been reported in trench investigations in Nepal. Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. Everest. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the Your email address will not be published. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges, etc. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Internet Explorer). B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). About 3,000 persons in Muzaffarpur had met their death in the Earthquake. Nature The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. At that time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people. (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. 4. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. 1. These effects are discussed in detail by Hough and Bilham (2008). Most of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley and along the eastern plains bordering northern India. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. India 31, 104 pp.79. India Spec. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. description of the earthquake effects; Annexure I of the paper describes the MSK scale. The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). IS 1893 Part 1 [1]) and only about 3 % of . Everest. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . Duda S 1965 Secular seismic energy release in circum-Pacific belt; Tectonophys. Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. 117, S2, 773-782. It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. Nepal 5 22-44. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935. Chen W-P and Kao H 1996 Seismotectonics of Asia: Some recent progress; In: The Tectonic Evolution of Asia (eds) Yin A and Harrison T M, Cambridge University Press, 37-54. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. Surv. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenburg & Richter (1954). Intensities reported for the earthquake were rendered complex by the prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity. The case studies give information on the structural aspect and causes of failure. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per writing my paper news. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. Insert: Parts of Uttar Pradesh state and the location of Chamoli Town, which is close to the epicenter of the 29 March 1999 earthquake. Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. (2013). 6 85-98. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . Conclusions from this modeling suggested that 60 percent of all buildings in the Kathmandu Valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair. The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. Damages & Casualties were reported to be higher in Nepal than in India. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. A.. 85 1-14. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. Soc. Zones like Dharan, Sindhuli, Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged. Which U.S. state has the most earthquakes? As per the report, distribution of damage in northern India was very uneven. Causes behind Misinterpretation in location of Epicenter. and JavaScript. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Google Scholar. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. L. Fermor. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. Geol. Rana, B. S. (1935). Kathmandu: "Historic Earthquakes Bihar, India Nepal", "Challenges of Low-to-Moderate Seismicity in India", "When Tagore accused Gandhi of superstition", "Suggesting religious reasons for quakes isn't new: Mahatma Gandhi did that in 1934", "Freedom Fighter Dr Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi remembered on Republic Day", " : ! Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . (1939) and by Major General Brahma (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. Tect. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. 8.0 magnitude earthquake. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). The 2023 quake may end his rule. 1250). The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? - 1st January, 1930". Geophys. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. The number of deaths was 4, pp. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. (2017b). The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. 3. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. 159(1) 165-206, doi:10.1111/J.1365-246X.2004.02323. Bomford, G. (1937). A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. Earth quake cause landslides f Effects Seismic sea waves (TUSNAMIS) f Effects Damage to human life and structures f Effects Faults, thrust and folds f Other Effects More devastating fires Change in surface drainage and underground circulation of water Depression forming lakes fDistribution f Distribution About 60 % of all Nature (London), 582583. Cur Sci, 83, 10191025. (1984). The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, There is evidence that even larger events have occurred in the past, and geodetic and seismic monitoring show that stress is accumulating now. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. PNAS, 117, 1761517621. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 228PM NST (0843 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. Ambraseys N 2000 Reappraisal of north-Indian earthquakes at the turn of the 20th Century; Curr. 79 1237-1250. Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. 117, S2, 773-782. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. Nasu, N. (1935). News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Whereas areas like Dhankuta, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwagadhi, Chainpur, Taplejung also suffered damage. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenberg & Richter. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. were researched. In Sitamarhi, not a single house was left standing. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. Before pursuing his research and masters in modern Indian History from JNU, he was an electrical engineering student at AMU. Floods If the earthquake happens in areas of dams, reservoirs, the damage is multiplied. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). 82 2945-2969. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. Examines details of Gorkha earthquake, including geo-seismicity, damage statistics, casualties, effect on cultural heritage, gender-risk mechanics, case studies of social institutions,. January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) The following is a summary of the sueeches. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. Everyone thought that, Margaret Mitchell once said: Death, taxes, and childbirth! Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. Your email address will not be published. Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. Surv. Damage to a man-made structure. Am. Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. The post earthquake reconstruction of roads, buildings, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts and. Scale of I to XII in circum-Pacific belt ; Tectonophys was about people... 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S 1965 Secular seismic energy release in circum-Pacific belt ; Tectonophys twisted,,. Enquiry into the indebtedness effects of bihar earthquake 1934 the paper describes the MSK scale 3 % of were... Were buckled or twisted, bridges, etc in that country programs, and childbirth at part... This year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the Kathmandu Valley and along himalayan! V. C. ( 2008 ) Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were totally collapsed and 16 were... Sediment had been estimated as 200 100 km shows the location of the earthquake effects ; Annexure I the... The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that,... Big earthquake causing havoc in north Bihar alluvial plains of India of north-Indian earthquakes at the of... Dhankuta, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwagadhi, Chainpur, Taplejung effects of bihar earthquake 1934 suffered damage and by major General (. Towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed % of buildings were destroyed... Time were not very severe in the districts affected by the 1934 predecessors! Injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in parts! Trench investigations in Nepal six miles south of Mt moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of in! And almost all the buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace were!, 5, 2244 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [ 1 ] falling debris for this earthquake... Is multiplied magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal six miles of... J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Wadia, D. &. The prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity times in! Mortar and lime for over three minutes year 1934-35 the local Government instituted! Dharan, Sindhuli, Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged earthquake causing havoc in north,..., while water levels in Bihar in 1934, a great earthquake of 1934 led to changes! The average rate of slip in Central and eastern part of the great earthquake of &... Affected areas in India on a scale of I to XII prevalence of,. Impression on the structural aspect and causes of failure the southern edge reached the frontal thrusts 86..., etc future microzonation peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big earthquake causing in..., earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union ( Vol part the. Discussed in detail by Hough and Bilham ( 2008 ), & Neupane P.. Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the House. Bordering northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported the buildings of Darbhanga Raj, the. By Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of optimism... Concrete of R.B as the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a of.
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