Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). And he called his servants, which were honorable, which had been brought up with him from his youth, and he divided to them his kingdom, while he was yet alive. VERSE 8. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. The second book is even more important from the doctrinal point of view. Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. by Daniel R. Schwartz. two main dynasties established themselves in the territories of his huge empirethe Ptolemies, who controlled Egypt and also Palestine up to 200 B.C. It became part of the deuterocanon in early Christianity. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. Note: 1 and 2 Maccabees are not included in most Protestant and Jewish Bibles. (1 Maccabees 2.62-64). Maccabees , (fl. The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. It is considered one of the most accurate accounts of Jewish history for the period which it covers. [13] The word "Maccabees" in plural, however, does not appear to have been used until centuries after the Maccabean Revolt. Related to this is the issue that including 1 Maccabees in the canon may have given legitimacy to other texts in the Septuagint that were more problematic for the rabbis. [9][10] The author appears to be very familiar with Judea and its geography, but appears less well-informed about the wider Hellenistic world. It is accepted in the Catholic and Orthodox canons. In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. He bans the observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. That is, a gymnasium. The origin of the word "maccabee" is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas' physical strength and exploits. Snow Crash Summary. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus. (He had previously become king of Greece.) It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. 2 Maccabees - Chapter 4. they chose to die. As far as the dates of composition are concerned, these can be taken as approximately 100 B.C. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them; and she became a habitation of strangers, and she became strange to those who were born in her, and her children forsook her. Simon, who was called Thassi; The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. It also seems to have been written in Judea where knowledge of Hebrew would have been more widespread. And it was the chief propaganda instrument of those non-practicing Jews who were trying to introduce Gentile customs into Israel. Although 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew (some you can tell from the sentence structure) it exists now only in Greek. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Experts date the original Hebrew text sometime in the late second century B.C.E. Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. VERSE 59. an abomination of desolation. It is not permitted to do evil that good may result. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. He also forbids circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures, imposing the death penalty for those who disobey. According to all these words wrote he to his whole kingdom; and he appointed overseers over all the people, and he commanded the cities of Judah to sacrifice, city by city. 2 Maccabees is harder to date but many scholars locate it in the early first century bc. It possibly was written during the reign of the Roman emperor Caligula (3741 ce). Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. the hundred and forty and fifth year. the hundred and thirty and seventh year. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. The book of 1 Maccabees clearly favors the revolution against the Seleucid and the Hasmonean dynasty. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . VERSE 12. VERSE 60. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. If you like what I write, become my partner by donating. VERSE 37. He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work Jewish Antiquities, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as Nicolaus of Damascus. At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. were recognized by the Fathers as inspired, there is an interim stage where souls are purified. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). Acts of the Apostles. Help me reach the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. He and his three sons begin a military campaign against them, the vicissitudes of which are described in detail. This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.[10]. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . 1 Kings. Throughout the early Christian period, IV Maccabees was wrongly attributed to Josephus. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. 1 Maccabees 1. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth and . Some even engage in foreskin restoration. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. And the saying was good in their eyes. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. Simon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by Josephus as John Hyrcanus. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem. each should forsake his own laws. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. VERSE 56. "[42][43] All of this makes clear that God has specifically chosen a new dynasty to rule Judea, the Hasmoneans. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. Jonathan A. Goldstein argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.[51]. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. VERSE 31. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Here are 8 handy tips to get your book club up and running. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. When he died his widow, Alexandra, married his elder brother, Alexander Janneus, and she remained on the throne while her son Hyrcanus II was high priest. And the kingdom was well ordered in the sight of Antiochus, and he thought to reign over Egypt, that he might reign over the two kingdoms. Look out for the similarities and differences between the two. VERSE 40. (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu The Ptolemy kingdom was founded by Ptolemy I, the son of a Macedonian nobleman. And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Both Origen and Jerome claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees. And they got possession of the strong cities in the land of Egypt; and he took the spoils of Egypt. In February 135, however, he is assassinated at the instigation of his son-in-law Ptolemy. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). During the Protestant Reformation, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as biblical apocrypha in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. As the Bible says, "On the eighth day, God created Shmoop and saw that it was good." Or something like that. The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the Greek text.[66]. Thus 1 Maccabeesas well as the other books of this genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance. When Mattathias died (c. 166 bc), his son Judas Maccabaeus recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple, an event celebrated in the holiday Hanukkah. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. First Maccabees was written about 100 B.C., in Hebrew, but the original has not come down to us. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable history, but not a part of Scripture. put to shame and fled. [28] Verses 2332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. The Books of the Maccabees, Maccabees also spelled Machabees, four books, none of which is in the Hebrew Bible but all of which appear in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. Purpose of The Book of 1 Maccabees: The purpose in writing 1 Maccabees Book is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62) - especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. Friend. 1 Maccabees describes the response of one family to these events. 1 and 2 Maccabees are stories that reflect on oppression and resistance. Many scholars believe that they were placed there after the composition of the book by some inspired editor . The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. CHAPTER 1. It describes the promulgation of decrees forbidding traditional Jewish practices by King Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the formation of a rebellion against him by Mattathias of the Hasmonean family and his five sons. George Leo Haydock. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . Both books, which Protestants regard as apocryphal, were recognized by the Fathers as inspired [and canonical at the Councils of Hippo (393) and Carthage (397, 419)] and were later [again] defined as canonical by the Council of Trent (1546). St. Augustine wrote in The City of God that they were preserved for their accounts of the martyrs. Were there any parts of the book that you disliked or which troubled you? in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. The following is a brief analysis of 1 Maccabees: (1) 1 Maccabees 1:1-10: An account of the rise of the Seleucid Dynasty. And on the five and twentieth day of the month they sacrificed upon the idol altar of God. That is, men of Israel came forth. Antiochus makes Judaism illegal. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. VERSE 1. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. [23] Various historical documents are included as well, notably of negotiations and letters with the Roman Republic and Hellenistic Sparta. Rabbinic Judaism generally disapproved of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty, but the book is openly pro-Hasmonean, one of several factors for a lack of enthusiasm for the book within later Judaism. It is not known whether Josephus's copy of 1 Maccabees was missing the final three chapters, or he simply found a better source for that era of history. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. 2 He fought many battles, captured fortresses, and put the kings of the earth to death. It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. 2 Maccabees recaps some of the story (until the events of 161 bc) and adds in details about Gods intervention into the events reports. More. Corrections? Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. VERSE 5. VERSE 19. VERSE 58. [30], After the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness,[31] he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. At this point the book ends. Unlike, the writer of 2 Maccabees, he evidences no Pharisaic theology and may have written in order to justify the Maccabeean dynasty against criticism that they were corrupt and were ruling illegitimately as Jewish kings since they were not of the Davidic lineage. On his journey, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who is afflicted by a demon. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. In true Deuteronomic tradition, the author insists on fidelity to the law as the expression of Israels love for God. 1 Samuel. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. Reading time: Around 4 hours for both books or 2 hours for one. For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. They will not sin in order to save their lives. Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. [7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian . His purpose in writing is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62)especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers vast territories and sets up a great empire, in which the territory of Judea is included. And wherever was found with any a book of the covenant, and if any consented to the law, the kings sentence delivered him to death. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. And there came exceedingly great wrath upon Israel. After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. VERSE 55. Elephants were an important part of the army of Antiochus. [38] Various passages call back to Biblical passages such as Joshua's conquests or the battle of David and Goliath and equate the Hasmoneans' deeds with the earlier stories. the king sent letters. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. 1:9 And after his death they all put crowns upon themselves; so did their sons after them many years: and evils were multiplied in the earth. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. VERSE 2. One is that it was simply "too new," dealing with a period several centuries after the traditional end of Jewish prophecy. In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"[39] as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself. Many Christians base their moral decisions on outcomes. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. That is, about 176 BC. 01793 418222. 1 Maccabees A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. And when he had taken all, he went away into his own land, and he made a great slaughter, and spoke very presumptuously. VERSE 22. and the table of the show bread, and the cups to pour withal, and the bowls, and the golden censers, and the veil, and the crowns, and the adorning of gold which was on the face of the temple, and he scaled it all off. 12:1-23). The book's author is unknown, but is assumed to have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have even taken part in the events described in the book, or at least knew older people who participated in them. Corrections? That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 B.C.E., emphasizing how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through the family of a zealous priest named Mattathias, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. VERSE 1. 1 a After Alexander the Macedonian, Philip's son, who came from the land of Kittim, * had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, he became king in his place, having first ruled in Greece. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. And he fought many battles, and won many strongholds, and killed the kings of the earth. The army of Judas at Bethsura consists of 10,000 according to 1 Macc 4:29, but of 80,000 according to 2 Macc 11:2. Maccabees does not mention the involvement of the mercenaries who are mentioned in other accounts, whereas other accounts do not mention the Jewish involvement. There are seven poetic sections in the book that imitate the style of classical Hebrew poetry: four laments (1:2528, 3640; 2:713; 3:45), and three hymns of praise of our fathers (2:5164), of Judas (3:39), and of Simon (14:415). Omissions? . He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. The First Book of Maccabees (I Maccabees) is historical work extant in Greek, covering the period of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (175 B.C.E.) 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeateda King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. However, we believers CANNOT do evil that good may result. His severest condemnation goes, not to the Seleucid politicians, but to the lawless apostates among his own people, adversaries of Judas and his brothers, who are models of faith and loyalty. He then calls forth the people to holy war against the Gentiles and their Jewish collaborators. It frequently imitates biblical phraseology and directly cites biblical precedents. VERSE 32. The original book was apparently written in Hebrew, as is indicated by a number of Hebrew idioms used by the author. He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. The first and second Books of Maccabees, though regarded by Jews and Protestants as apocryphal, i.e., not inspired Scripture, because not contained in the Jewish list of books drawn up at the end of the first century A.D., have always been accepted by the Catholic Church as inspired and are called deuterocanonical to indicate that they are canonical even though disputed by some. For some more Biblical back history about the Exile and return of the Jews from Babylonian Exile, please read 2 Kings (Chapter 20:12-18), 2 Kings (Chapter 25), Jeremiah, Ezra, and Nehemiah. VERSE 52. he spoke words in subtlety. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) Book of Daniel. He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. If this is all new to you, don't worrywe're here to help. Hope for life beyond death enabled the people of God to commit their lives fully to the God who had called them, even when this seemed of no benefit in worldly terms. And Alexander reigned twelve years, and he died. 1 Maccabees covers the period of 175 BCE to 134 BCE. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. VERSE 38. He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). Greece. Not only the leaders, but also circumcised infants and their mothers are killed as a warning to others. Bible Society, Stonehill Green, Westlea, Swindon SN5 7DG. 2 Samuel. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted (1 Macc. 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. The books had separate authors. According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). Ps 119:89-90). Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. The doctrine expressed in the book is the customary belief of Israel, without the new developments which appear in 2Maccabees and Daniel. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. Some Jews went along with the changes. 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