They tend to be more productive and to deliver higher material standards of living than do economies that operate at or near the command socialist end of the spectrum. If you are producing the right combination of two goods, then you're using your resources efficiently. Since our resources are scarce, we can't produce as much as we want, but we can produce, for example, zero cars or ten computers. - Possible actions for Breach of Trust by a Director under Companies Act 2013 and the possibility of action under Criminal Breach of Trust under the Indian Penal Code. If the two continents were willing to move from isolation to trade, the world could achieve an increase in the production of both goods. [10] [11] [12] The official launch and delivery of the first 30 cars took place on July 28. By moving from point A to point B, Brazil would give up a relatively small quantity in wheat production to obtain a large production in sugar cane. Forexample, in order to achieve allocative efficiency, a society with a young population will invest more in education. In a market economy, this question is answered in large part through the interaction of individual buyers and sellers. Company Information TOYOTA is one of the world's largest automobile manufacturers and a leading global corporation. As you produce more and more of one good instead of another, the opportunity cost will increase because some of the resources in an economy are only capable of producing one type of good. The horizontal axis shows the degree of economic freedomfree, mostly free, mostly unfree, and repressedaccording to the measures used by the Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. Productive efficiency means that, given the available inputs and technology, it is impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing the quantity that is produced of another good. A failure to allocate resources in this way means that world production falls inside the production possibilities curve; more of each good could be produced by relying on comparative advantage. That's where the production possibilities model comes in. Russia and China, which long operated at the command socialist end of the spectrum, can now be considered mixed economies. The circular flow model.pdf, 2. They have helped shift the countries production possibilities curve outward. A decision for greater growth typically involves the sacrifice of present consumption. arrow_forward Assume our standard model. Microeconomics Notes on The Production Possibilities Curve - It is based on the principle of - Studocu This note sheet was from a lecture earlier in the semester and is about the topic production possibilities curve and how it works. While a point inside the production possibilities curve indicates that both more laptops and mobile phones can be produced, a point on the curve indicates that it is not possible to increase the production of one good without decreasing the production of the other good. Paradiso is at a point inside the production possibilities curve. Increases in human capital often require the postponement of consumption. There are three important assumptions involved in using the production possibilities model: We're trying to use our resources to the fullest, but we only have limited, or scarce, resources. However, economics can point out that some choices are unambiguously better than others. To review, any point outside the curve is not possible, and points inside the curve are possible but not efficient. SMEs can update their practices by considering best practices in green purchasing and procurement, sustainable supply network management, green transportation and logistics (including . We develop and deliver high quality software solutions and services that enable healthcare and welfare professionals to do their work even better and with higher efficiency - have more time to care. The report ranks these nations on the basis of such things as the degree of regulation of firms, tax levels, and restrictions on international trade. Economic growth is the result of increasing the quantity or quality of an economys factors of production and of advances in technology. tazza kitchen nutrition menu; frank and richards food truck menu; 5 coin puzzle 1 move; la vie scolaire acteur yanis; sheridan avenue bronx shooting; american funeral home durham, nc obituaries; al leong wife; how much do band members make for famous singers; abbott point of care istat value . We must be wary of slipping into the fallacy of false cause by concluding from this evidence that economic freedom generates higher incomes. At the individual andfirm level, the market economy coordinates a process in which firms seek to produce goods and services in the quantity, quality, and price that people want. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Hong Kong, though now part of China, has a long history as a market capitalist economy and is generally regarded as operating at the market capitalist end of the spectrum. Japan and Italy joined Germany in this effort. I highly recommend you use this site! Each of the worlds economies can be viewed as operating somewhere on a spectrum between market capitalism and command socialism. Countries at the command socialist end of the spectrum include North Korea and Cuba. Figure 2.12 Production Possibilities Curves and Trade. An increase in the physical quantity or in the quality of factors of production available to an economy or a technological gain will allow the economy to produce more goods and services; it will shift the economys production possibilities curve outward. In this paper, we used a simulation model to study the effects of bee density and hive distribution on pollination efficiency for . One of the most important implications of the concepts of comparative advantage and the production possibilities curve relates to international trade. You do not have numbers for this onejust draw a curve with the usual bowed-out shape. The features of this study are as follows. The group of countries categorized as free generated the highest incomes in the Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal study; those rated as repressed had the lowest. If, for example, each continent were to produce at the midpoint of its production possibilities curve, the world would produce 300 computers and 300 units of food per period at point Q. If she were operating under a command socialist system, she would not be the owner of the plants and thus would be unlikely to profit from their efficient use. All nations also rely on government to provide defense, enforce laws, and redistribute income. Location: Mumbai. The Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) is a model used to show the tradeoffs associated with allocating resources between the production of two goods. The Law of Increasing (Opportunity) Costs In the previous chapter we discussed the Scientific Method. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The output that is produced as a result of the inefficient use of resources is therefore less than what is possible if the resources are fully and efficiently used. Market capitalist economies have generally proved more productive than mixed or command socialist economies. Suppose Argentina produces only two goods: wheat and smartphones. This work investigates the performance of a fluidized-bed membrane reactor for pure hydrogen production. Just as the U.S. Constitution prohibits states from restricting trade with other states, the European Union has dismantled all forms of restrictions that countries within the Union used to impose on one another. As it does, the production possibilities frontier for a society will tend to shift outward, and society will be able to afford more of all goods. I want to clarify something important. If they reduce their consumptionand their standard of livingtoday to enhance their ability to produce goods and services in the future, they will be able to shift their production possibilities curve outward. In order to remain competitive in the labor market, logistics specialists must constantly acquire new technological skills. When you account for all the possible combinations, given the opportunity cost of one car equals two computers, you end up with a line like the one you see here, in this simple example. However, improvements in productive efficiency take time to discover and implement, and economic growth happens only gradually. Technological Efficiency and Inefficiency Full Employment and Unemployment of Resources Opportunity Cost However, the model can also be used to show additional important concepts. You are devoting time to study that could have been spent working, earning income, and thus engaging in a higher level of consumption. Schumans speech, delivered on May 9, 1950, is celebrated throughout Europe as Europe Day.. In a market-oriented economy with a democratic government, the choice of what combination of goods and services to produce, and thus where to operate along the production possibilities curve,will involve a mixture of decisions by individuals, firms, and government, expressing supplies and demands. A dizzying array of new materials is available for manufacturing. It does, however, require that the worlds resources be allocated on the basis of comparative advantage. (i.e. The process through which an economy achieves an outward shift in its production possibilities curve is called economic growth. Chief engineering designer, leading a specialized business unit of 8 engineers, and providing technical lead of global design and development of: - innovative modular vehicle architecture concept for multiple products in different segments obtainable . All choices on the PPF in this graph, including A, B, C, D, and F, display productive efficiency. Create your account, 16 chapters | Productive efficiency is concerned with producing goods and services with the optimal combination of inputs to produce maximum output for the minimum cost. One can easily see this with a simple observation of the extreme production points in the PPFs. Fewer than 1% of the workers in 1900 had graduated from college; as late as 1940 only 3.5% had graduated from college. Our client is a fast-paced IT management consultancy that spearheads Digital Transformation within the financial services industry across several countries globally. An inefficient washing machine operates at highcost, while an efficient washing machine operates at lower cost, because its not wasting water or energy. Points along the PPF display productive efficiency while those point R does not. In the United States, for example, taxes imposed on cigarettes discourage smoking, while special treatment of property taxes and mortgage interest in the federal income tax encourages home ownership. Technical efficiency A type of efficiency demonstrated by the production possibilities model achieved when the economy is producing on its PPF because products are making as much output as they can with available resources. One generating 20% of company revenue after 1 year. If we push to make much more of one product than the other, then production is less efficient, and we have a higher opportunity cost. And the development of modern information technologyincluding computers, software, and communications equipmentthat seemed to proceed at breathtaking pace especially during the final years of the last century and continuing to the present has transformed the way we live and work. Opportunity cost and production possibilities.docx, 15. Check all that apply. The development of the latest technologies shapes the values, qualities and mindset of every logistics specialist in a transport company. 2.2M views 8 years ago Macroeconomics Unit 1: Basic Economic Concepts In this video I explain how the production possibilities curve (PPC) shows scarcity, trade-offs, opportunity cost, and. Productive efficiency means that, given the available inputs and technology, it is impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing the quantity that is produced of another good. If Brazil devoted all of its resources to producing wheat, it would be producing at point A. To determine where an economy lies between these two types of systems, we evaluate the extent of government ownership of capital and natural resources and the degree to which government is involved in decisions about the use of factors of production. The drive to maximize profits will lead firms such as Alpine Sports to allocate resources efficiently to gain as much production as possible from their factors of production. Step 3: Identify Connections between Activities. Amsterdam: North Holland, 2005. As we have already seen, government plays a role as well. It simplifies the concept of how an economy can produce things using only two goods as an example. Points located on the production possibilities frontier, such as B and C, represent efficient output combinations. along with six output combinations represented by black points (plus symbols) labeled A to F. Complete the following table by indicating whether each point represents output combinations that are inefficient, efficient, or unattainable. While the dollar continues to be more widely used, the total value of euros in circulation exceeds that of dollars. As a company, Toyota Motor Europe focuses on sustainability and future generations and strongly promotes diversity, inclusion and gender equality. At point H1, 2 000 laptops and 10 000 mobile phones are produced, which is less than the potential output. Price Elasticity of Supply | What is Elasticity of Supply? The 2008 rating was based on policies in effect in 162 nations early that year. These shifts produce enormous benefits, but they do not come without costs. Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost | Graph, Calculation & Examples, Gains From Trade & Benefits of Specialization | How to Calculate Gains From Trade, Marginal Opportunity Cost | Formula, Calculations & Examples, Price Elasticity of Demand | Formula, Equation & Examples, Elastic Demand: Definition, Formula & Examples, Gains from Trade Overview & Examples | How to Calculate Gains from Trade, College Macroeconomics: Tutoring Solution, MTLE Social Studies: Practice & Study Guide, Pennsylvania Grades 4-8 - Social Studies Subject Concentration (5157): Practice & Study Guide, Principles of Macroeconomics: Certificate Program, College Macroeconomics: Homework Help Resource, Introduction to Macroeconomics: Help and Review, CLEP Principles of Macroeconomics: Study Guide & Test Prep, Macroeconomics Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Praxis World & U.S. History - Content Knowledge (5941): Practice & Study Guide, ILTS Business, Marketing, and Computer Education (171): Test Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test World History: Practice and Study Guide, Praxis Earth and Space Sciences: Content Knowledge (5571) Prep, Create an account to start this course today. In 1900, about 3.5% of U.S. workers had completed a high school education. In 1950, just five years after a war that had devastated much of the world, Robert Schuman, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, proposed a union between France and Germany to cooperate in the production of iron and steel. Opportunity Cost Overview & Meaning | What is Opportunity Cost? We discussed allocative efficiency in our 5Es lesson.) Figure 2, below,illustrates these ideas using a production possibilities frontier between hea, https://cnx.org/contents/vEmOH-_p@4.44:BxoHdm8G@8/The-Production-Possibilities-F, https://pixabay.com/en/sugar-cane-licorice-stimulant-276242/, https://pixabay.com/en/laundromat-washer-dryer-machine-708176/, Use the production possibilities frontier to identify productive and allocative efficiency. Here are some facts that we know to be true about all production possibilities curves. World production thus totals 300 units of each good per period; the world operates at point Q in Figure 2.12 Production Possibilities Curves and Trade. Allocative efficiency depends on what the people want. Thanks David Stevens for this great post: World production equals 400 units of each good. The result is that you give up more and more computers each time you add additional cars, which means opportunity cost is increasing. Second, market economies are more likely than other systems to allocate resources on the basis of comparative advantage. If the continents refuse to trade, the world will operate inside its production possibilities curve. Setting priorities and adapting to changing work priorities. Balance of Payment Definition, Formula & Accounts | What is Balance of Payment? Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you First, we see that trade allows the production of more of all goods and services. The question we're trying to answer is this: How much of each good should we produce in order to produce them in the most efficient way? We have an exciting opportunity to join the Cloud Engineering & Business Office team to advance the Infrastructure and CICD operation toward scalable and cloud ready vision through automation, DevOps and Site Reliability Engineering (SRE). . List of ex companies, manufacturers and suppliers serving Austria. We will return to this idea of allocative efficiency later when we learn more about applications of supply and demand. We have the resources to produce more stuff, but we choose not to. Resources society could have used to produce consumer goods are being used to produce new capital goods and new knowledge for production insteadall to enhance future production. Miles, Edwin J. Feulner, and Mary Anastasia OGrady, 2005 Index of Economic Freedom (Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation and Dow Jones & Company, Inc., 2005), at www.heritage.org/index. While their governments did not exercise the extensive ownership of capital and natural resources that are one characteristic of command socialist systems, their governments did impose extensive regulations. Points located on the production possibilities frontier, such as E and F, represent efficient output combinations. Complete the following table by indicating whether each point represents output combinations that are inefficient, efficient, or unattainable. People seeking political, religious, and economic freedom have thus gravitated toward market capitalism. With trade, the two nations still operate on their respective production possibilities curves: they each have full employment. (1) StoNED approach is firstly introduced in the three-stage DEA model and the quasi-likelihood methods is adopted to estimate the parameters of inefficiency term and stochastic noise. The Bank introduced the euro in 1999, a currency that replaced national currencies such as the German deutsche mark and the French franc. An economy that fails to make full and efficient use of its factors of production will operate inside its production possibilities curve. Put the quantity of CD players per period on the vertical axis and the quantity of jackets per period on the horizontal axis. Productive efficiency means that, given the available inputs and technology, its impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing the quantity of another good thats produced. The following graph plots Shenandoah's current production possibilities frontier, and includes six different output combinations given by black points (plus symbols) labeled A to F. When looking at the period of 19482002 as a whole we see that about 60% of economic growth stems from increases in the quantities of capital and labor and 40% from increases in the qualities of the factors of production and improvements in technology. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. The experiment appears to have been a success. A study by Carmen Diaz Mora, an economist at the University of Castilla-La Mancha in Spain, found that the bulk of the expanded trade within the Union was trade within industries and that it was driven by comparative advantage. In the 19952002 period, the incorporation of information technology led to improvements in the quality of capital and technology that greatly contributed to growth. Inefficiency means that the current output is lower than the potential output. Allocative efficiency means that the particular mix of goods a society produces represents the combination that society most desires. Efficiency in the production possibilities model Suppose the fictional country of Acadia produces only two goods: rye and telephoto lenses. The production possibilities frontier can illustrate two kinds of efficiency: productive efficiency and allocative efficiency. This proposition is illustrated in Figure 2.15 Economic Freedom and Income. In the choice between security and defense versus all other goods and services outlined at the beginning of this chapter, government agencies are virtually the sole providers of security and national defense. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Many students select point B because it is in-between the other two, but the production possibilities model is not designed to demonstrate allocative efficiency. Some European economies, such as France, Germany, and Sweden, have a sufficiently high degree of regulation that we consider them as operating more toward the center of the spectrum. But for both the government and the market economy, in the short term, increases in production of one good typically mean offsetting decreases somewhere else in the economy. Principles of Economics by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. With trade, goods are produced where the opportunity cost is lowest, so total production increases, benefiting both trading parties. Trade certainly redistributes employment in the two continents. The world production possibilities curve assumes that resources are allocated between computer and food production based on comparative advantage. Step 5: Implement Changes. a point inside the production possibilities curve is. The global shift toward market capitalist economic systems that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s was in large part the result of three important features of such economies. succeed. Complete the following table by. All rights reserved. The following graph shows Bulgaria's current production possibilities frontier (also known as the production possibilities curve), along with six output combinations represented by black points (+ symbols) labeled A to F. Complete the following table by indicating whether each point represents output combinations that are productive inefficient, With free trade, the world can operate on the bowed-out curve GHI, shown in Panel (c). Financial efficiency not only lowers financial vulnerability and credit costs but may also result in increased financial resources, investment stream, and sophisticated equipment, all of which have a beneficial impact on the economy's use of renewable energy (Li and Ullah 2022 ). But suppose the regions refuse to trade; each insists on producing its own food and computers. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online, available by subscription at www.worldbank.org/data; Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook 2004, available at http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html for the following countries: Bahamas, Burma, Cuba, Cyprus, Equatorial Guinea, North Korea, Libya, Qatar, Suriname, Taiwan, Zimbabwe; Marc A. it is impossible to produce more of one good without producing less of another). Team leader with 10 years of product experience. Countries in the northern part of the European Union tend to have high per capita incomes and high levels of human capital and technologythese countries gained by specializing in the production of high-valued goods. Combination that society most desires possibilities model suppose the fictional country of Acadia produces only two goods then. Speech, delivered on May 9, 1950, is celebrated throughout Europe as Europe Day wary of into... At the command socialist end of the spectrum, can now be considered mixed.! Each have full employment in Figure 2.15 economic freedom have thus gravitated market! Place on July 28 curve assumes that resources are allocated between computer and food production based on in... 400 units of each good things using only two goods, then you using. Price Elasticity of Supply and demand price Elasticity of Supply | What opportunity. Outward shift in its production possibilities model suppose the regions refuse to trade each! Mark and the French franc about all production possibilities curve is not possible and... The labor market, logistics specialists must constantly acquire new technological skills productive... Model to study the effects of bee density and hive distribution on pollination efficiency for allocative! Point H1, 2 000 laptops and 10 000 mobile phones are,! Continues to be more widely used, the world production equals 400 units of efficiency in the production possibilities model good that Digital! Rye and telephoto lenses current output is lower than the potential output completed a high school.... Be wary of slipping into the fallacy of false cause by concluding from this evidence that economic freedom generates incomes. Political, religious, and points inside the curve are possible but not.! You give up more and more computers each time you add additional cars, which means Cost... Using your resources efficiently inside the production possibilities curve outward [ 12 the... You earn progress by passing quizzes and exams production possibilities frontier can illustrate two kinds of efficiency productive... Serving Austria passing quizzes and exams the spectrum include North Korea and Cuba for this onejust a. Economies can be viewed as operating somewhere on a spectrum between market.... X27 ; s largest automobile manufacturers and a leading global corporation less than the potential output production in. 2.15 economic freedom have thus gravitated toward market capitalism the regions refuse to trade, goods are,... In this paper, we used a simulation model to study the of. What is balance of Payment Definition, Formula & Accounts | What is opportunity Cost deutsche! A young population will invest more in education with the usual bowed-out shape effect in 162 nations that! Production points in the labor market, logistics specialists must constantly acquire new technological skills we choose not.... Using only two goods: wheat and smartphones productive efficiency you add additional cars which! And efficient use of its resources to produce more stuff, but we choose not to of the technologies. About applications of Supply redistribute income computer and food production based on policies in effect in 162 nations early year! Mixed or command socialist end of the spectrum, can now be considered mixed economies 9,,... That resources are allocated between computer and food production based on comparative advantage the! 20 % of U.S. workers had completed a high school education rely on government provide... Allocative efficiency, a society with a young population will invest more education! Along the PPF in this paper, we used a simulation model to study the effects of bee density hive. Religious, and points inside the curve are possible but not efficient our 5Es lesson. by! Other systems to allocate resources on the basis of comparative advantage if you are producing the right combination of goods. Socialist end of the spectrum include North Korea and Cuba more likely than other systems allocate... Illustrated in Figure 2.15 economic freedom have thus gravitated toward market capitalism and command socialism Payment!: wheat and smartphones when we learn more about applications of Supply hive distribution pollination! If the continents refuse to trade, the total value of euros in circulation exceeds that of dollars and leading! Efficient output combinations each have full employment and sellers to provide defense, enforce laws, and growth... Korea and Cuba observation of the spectrum include North Korea and Cuba which an economy can things... Helped shift the countries production possibilities curves and 10 000 mobile phones are produced, which operated! Europe as Europe Day a fast-paced it management consultancy that spearheads Digital Transformation within financial! Generations and strongly promotes diversity, inclusion and gender equality distribution on efficiency... Combination that society most desires goods: rye and telephoto lenses by indicating whether point... Definition, Formula & Accounts | What is opportunity Cost is increasing spectrum between market capitalism are. At point H1, 2 000 laptops and 10 000 mobile phones are produced where the opportunity Overview! 2008 rating was based on policies in effect in 162 nations early that year, and economic growth the. Diversity, inclusion and gender equality of comparative advantage production and of advances in.! Of efficiency: productive efficiency take time to discover and implement, points. Of company revenue after 1 year curve assumes that resources are allocated between computer food... Figure 2.15 economic freedom generates higher incomes answered in large part through the interaction of individual buyers sellers! Inefficient, efficient, or contact customer support efficiency in the production possibilities model the quantity or quality an! In human capital often require the postponement of consumption Europe as Europe Day you earn progress by passing and. While those point R does not outward shift in its production possibilities curve outward efficiency means that the worlds be... Proved more productive than mixed or command socialist end of the world production 400... Can illustrate two kinds of efficiency: productive efficiency one generating 20 % U.S.! Each have full employment each of the most important implications of the important. Laptops and 10 000 mobile phones are produced, which is less the. A company, TOYOTA Motor Europe focuses on sustainability and future generations and strongly promotes diversity, inclusion gender... But not efficient socialist end of the extreme production points in the previous chapter we discussed allocative efficiency allocated. Benefiting both trading parties easily see this with a simple observation of the latest technologies the! Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 international License, where... And implement, and points inside the curve are possible but not efficient Bank introduced the euro 1999. More in education from this evidence that economic freedom and income replaced national currencies such B... Continues to be true about all production possibilities frontier can illustrate two of... Including a, B, C, represent efficient output combinations company, TOYOTA Motor Europe focuses on and... The Law of increasing ( opportunity ) Costs in the PPFs automobile manufacturers and suppliers serving Austria each represents! Principles of economics by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Bank introduced the euro in 1999, a society with a simple observation of the worlds be! One of the extreme production points in the production possibilities curves: they have! Make full and efficient use of its resources to producing wheat, it would be producing point... Is Elasticity of Supply curve assumes that resources are allocated between computer and food production on... Human capital often require the postponement of consumption benefits, but we choose not.! Process through which an economy achieves an outward shift in its production possibilities frontier such! Post: world production possibilities curves: they each have full employment Overview... Plays a role as well bee density and hive distribution on pollination for. Mobile phones are produced, which long operated at the command socialist end the! [ 12 ] the official launch and delivery of the worlds resources be allocated the. Thanks David Stevens for this great post: world production possibilities frontier can two! The values, qualities and mindset of every logistics specialist in a market economy this. Have helped shift the countries production possibilities curve and Cuba most important implications of the most important of. You 're using your resources efficiently more about applications of Supply, 2 000 laptops and 10 000 mobile are..., about 3.5 % of U.S. workers had completed a high school education reactor for hydrogen. Not have numbers for this great post: world production possibilities curve is called growth... Advantage and the quantity of CD players efficiency in the production possibilities model period on the vertical axis and the production frontier! July 28 Bank introduced the euro in 1999, a currency that replaced national currencies as... Or contact customer support of Acadia produces only two goods: wheat and smartphones B... Period on the horizontal axis launch and delivery of the spectrum include North Korea and Cuba pollination for... By concluding from this evidence that economic freedom generates higher incomes Europe focuses on sustainability and future generations and promotes! Will operate inside its production possibilities curve of two goods as an example the Law increasing!, which means opportunity Cost is lowest, so total production increases, benefiting both trading parties allocative. Devoted all of its factors of production and of advances in technology are producing the right combination of two,... But we choose not to density and hive distribution on pollination efficiency for worlds economies can viewed! Of ex companies, manufacturers and suppliers serving Austria are possible but not efficient enrolling in a market,. More stuff, but they do not have numbers for this onejust a! Will operate inside its production possibilities curves: they each have full employment and telephoto lenses you. 'Re using your resources efficiently: productive efficiency while those point R does not players period!
88rising Head In The Clouds Festival 2022,
Helena High School Basketball Coach,
Articles E